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Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. Stegosaurus, (genus Stegosaurus ), one of the various plated dinosaurs ( Stegosauria) of the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago) recognizable by its spiked tail and series of large triangular bony plates along the back. [2] These first, fragmented bones (YPM 1850) became the holotype of Stegosaurus armatus when Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh described them in 1877. [17] The argument has been a major one in the history of dinosaur reconstruction. [8], Arthur Lakes made another discovery later in 1879 at Como Bluff in Albany County, Wyoming, the site also dating to the Upper Jurassic of the Morrison Formation, when he found several large Stegosaurus fossils in August of that year. The pterosaurs, a closely related but separate group of "ruling reptiles" (or archosaurs, a group that, incidentally, also includes birds and crocodiles ), also had feathers. )[7], The skeleton of S. stenops has since been deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D. C., where it has been on display since 1915. According to paleontologist and National Geographic grantee Jack Horner, it stands to reason that dinosaurs had similar courting behaviors as today's birds. Stegosaurus had much longer hind legs than forelegs, and very strong muscles around its hips. Bakker suggested in 1986 that the plates were covered in horn comparing the surface of the fossilized plates to the bony cores of horns in other animals known or thought to bear horns. Articulated with the scapula, the coracoid is sub-circular. During the Mesozoic Era (a period of more than 180 million years that included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods), a species of non-avian dinosaur evolved into a species of avian dinosaur. [28] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) proposed that the display function would have been reinforced by the horny sheath which would have increased the visible surface and such horn structures are often brightly colored. [90], A 2022 study by Wiemann and colleagues of various dinosaur genera including Stegosaurus suggests that it had an ectothermic (cold blooded) or gigantothermic metabolism, on par with that of modern reptiles. An important discovery came in 1937 again at Garden Park by a high school teacher named Frank Kessler in while leading a nature hike. Become a member and. [37][38] Other researchers have interpreted these ridges as modified versions of similar structures in other ornithischians which might have supported fleshy cheeks, rather than beaks. The presacrals are divided into cervical (neck) and dorsal (back) vertebrae, with around 10 cervicals and 17 dorsals, the total number being one greater than in Hesperosaurus, two greater than Huayangosaurus, although Miragaia preserves 17 cervicals and an unknown number of dorsals. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [2] Because of this, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature decided to replace the type species with the more well known species Stegosaurus stenops. Triceratops quite likely did have some sort of feathers, as many of its ancestors have been found to have them. Stegosaurus measured around 9m from nose to tail, making it something of a middleweight creature in the grand age of the dinosaurs. There are quill knobs in the forearm bones, while smaller species like microraptors got preserved feathers in their fossils. [6] Many later researchers have considered Hypsirhophus to be a synonym of Stegosaurus,[7] though Peter Galton (2010) suggested that it is distinct based on differences in the vertebrae. [13] Additional specimens recovered from the same quarry by the United States National Museum of Natural History, including tail vertebrae and an additional large plate (USNM 7414), belong to the same individual as YPM 1853. Many people associate the Jurassic Period with the fearsome dinosaurs from the movie Jurassic Park. The second Jurassic dinosaur rush. These are presumed to have served as defensive weapons, but they may have been ornamental. [39] Their teeth were "not tightly pressed together in a block for efficient grinding",[93] and no evidence in the fossil record of stegosaurians indicates use of gastrolithsthe stone(s) some dinosaurs (and some present-day bird species) ingestedto aid the grinding process, so how exactly Stegosaurus obtained and processed the amount of plant material required to sustain its size remains "poorly understood". (Tyrannosaurus Rex) How many fingers did Tyrannosaurus have? The competition was foremost started by the American Museum of Natural History, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and the Field Museum of Natural History which all sent expeditions to the west to make their own dinosaur collections and mount skeletons in their fossil halls. By the early 1960s, this had become (and remains) the prevalent idea, mainly because some, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:57. These dinosaurs had large flattened plates along the ridges of their backs. This suggests it could not walk very fast, as the stride of the back legs at speed would have overtaken the front legs, giving a maximum speed of 15.317.9km/h (9.511.1mph). Though adult T. rexes were mostly covered in scales, scientists think . revised their suggestion due to the recognition by Galton of S. armatus as a nomen dubium and its replacement by S. stenops as type species. Palaeontologists have known for about two decades that theropods, the dinosaur group that contained the likes of Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor and from which modern birds evolved, were covered. [39] This has been proposed by Bakker[58][69] and opposed by Carpenter. It has a pubis and ischium that both point towards the posterior of the animal. [48] This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, Africa and possibly South America. Here's a Stegosaurus skin: No feathers, but armour only. [23] CM 11341, the most complete skeleton found at the quarry, was used for the basis of a composite Stegosaurus mount in 1940 along with several other specimens to finish the mount. [14] A third mounted skeleton of Stegosaurus, referred to S. stenops, was put on display at the American Museum of Natural History in 1932. Did T. rex have fur or feathers? There were three different species of Stegosaurus, but all were relatively similar looking. The scapula (shoulder blade) is sub-rectangular, with a robust blade. Like all non-bird Dinosaurs, T. rex lived in the Mesozoic era. "We need Dinozord Power! Fossils of the genus have been found in the western United States and in Portugal, where they are found in Kimmeridgian- to Tithonian-aged strata, dating to between 155 and 145million years ago. Sereno, P.C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Prefrontal bone Predentary bone Maxilla Perforate Acetabulum, Examine the hip structure in the image of the dinosaur Stegosaurus. Did all dinosaurs have feather? The spikes were probably used as defense mechanisms, while it is . [24], 1987 saw the discovery of a 40% complete Stegosaurus skeleton in Rabbit Valley in Mesa County, Colorado by Harold Bollan near the Dinosaur Journey Museum. 8 -10 feet. Spinosaurus was a giant meat-eating dinosaur that grew to lengths of 18 m (60 ft.). Asked by: Kaia Halvorson. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Bite force was also calculated using these models and the known skull proportions of the animal, as well as simulated tree branches of different size and hardness. Calculating the speed of Quadrupedal graviportal animals by Ruben Molina-Perez, Asier Larramendi. The skeleton remained mounted until 1989 when the museum curator of the DMNS began a revision of the museum's fossil hall and dispatched an expedition to find additional Stegosaurus remains. 233248. [26] The Sauriermuseum found several partial Stegosaurid skeletons throughout their excavations at Howe Quarry, Wyoming in the 1990s, though only Sophie has been described in detail. Dinosaurs did have feathers ancestrally but most groups lost them. Stegosaurus, therefore, probably browsed primarily among smaller twigs and foliage, and would have been unable to handle larger plant parts unless the animal was capable of biting much more efficiently than predicted in this study. Giant sauropods like Diplodocus and Camarasaurus, smaller herbivores like Camptosaurus, and predators including Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus. (2007). world. Scientists arent exactly sure how they chewed and foraged for food, because their mouth is simply, weird. [15] Another composite mount, using specimens referred to S. ungulatus collected from Dinosaur National Monument between 1920 and 1922, was put on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1940.[16]. Barrett, P.M. (2001). 10 besttroodon 5 yr. ago [77] Buffrnil, et al. [24] The expedition was successful in finding a nearly complete Stegosaurus near the Kessler site by Bryan Small, whose name would become the namesake of the new site. Stegosaurus Andrea Lorini 2015-10 This adorable board book is die-cut in the shape of a dinosaur, and is jam-packed with interesting facts and full-color illustrations. There were flat floodplains, savannas dominated by ferns and the occasional tree, and forests. Fossils of this dinosaur are actually relatively rare, and because of this we can only speculate the other habitats this creature lived in. Some theories suggest that the large plates on their back could change color as a mating display or to attract a female. Stegosaurus shared the land with a lot of other famous dinosaurs. Corrections? We know Stegosaurus didn't live in herds, but was probably solitary or lived in small groups. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These variations cast doubt on the hypothesis of a strong thermoregulatory function for the plates of Stegosaurus, because such structures were not optimized in all stegosaurs for collecting or releasing heat. [13], Though considered one of the most distinctive types of dinosaur, Stegosaurus displays were missing from a majority of museums during the first half of the 20th century, due largely to the disarticulated nature of most fossil specimens. As to the number of eggs, incubation time, and parental care, we simply dont know yet. Both groups evolved from a lineage of smaller armoured dinosaurs such as Scutellosaurus and Scelidosaurus of the Early Jurassic Period (206 million to 180 million years ago). Spinosaurus had a huge sail on its back. Description of the Stegosaurus. [2] F. F. Hubbell, a collector for Cope, also found a partial Stegosaurus skeleton while digging at Como Bluff in 1877 or 78 that are now part of the Stegosaurus mount (AMNH 5752) at the American Museum of Natural History. Other ornithischians included Camptosaurus, Gargoyleosaurus, Dryosaurus, Othnielosaurus and Drinker. In Foster, John R.; and Lucas, Spencer G. Though it had not yet been completely prepared, the nearly complete and articulated type specimen of Stegosaurus stenops allowed Marsh to complete the first attempt at a reconstructed Stegosaurus skeleton. [45] The plates' large size suggests that they may have served to increase the apparent height of the animal, either to intimidate enemies[7] or to impress other members of the same species in some form of sexual display. . The Stegosaurus, an armored dinosaur with bony plates running along its backbone and ending in a giant spiked tail, had large space at the end of the spinal cord. a. a keel bone (wishbone) c. a long tail b. teeth d. claw-bearing fingers . Animal fossils discovered include bivalves, snails, ray-finned fishes, frogs, salamanders, turtles like Glyptops, sphenodonts, lizards, terrestrial and aquatic crocodylomorphs like Hoplosuchus, several species of pterosaurs such as Harpactognathus and Mesadactylus, numerous dinosaur species, and early mammals such as docodonts (like Docodon), multituberculates, symmetrodonts, and triconodonts. Simply put, 150 million years ago, some incredibly large creatures walked the earth. [101], Marsh published his more accurate skeletal reconstruction of Stegosaurus in 1891, and within a decade Stegosaurus had become among the most-illustrated types of dinosaur. These middle Triassic reptiles, dating from about 230 million years ago, included such important genera as Eoraptor, Herrerasaurus, and Staurikosaurus; as far as paleontologists can tell, these were the first true dinosaurs, only recently evolved from their archosaur predecessors. However, as Carpenter[25] has noted, the plates overlap so many tail vertebrae, movement would be limited. [26] The hind feet each had three short toes, while each fore foot had five toes; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof. Lucas reclassified this species in the new genus Hoplitosaurus later that year. . The discovery of these branched integumentary structures outside theropods suggests that featherlike structures coexisted with scales and were potentially widespread among the entire dinosaur clade; feathers may thus have been present in the earliest dinosaurs. Mounted under the direction of Charles J. Stegosaurus defended itself by attacking its enemies with its spiked tail.Allosaurus bones have been found with holes made by Stegosaurus tail spikes.. Fewer S. ungulatus plates have been found, and none articulated, making the arrangement in this species more difficult to determine. 1,350 2,000 kg. If not feathered, some dinosaurs are believed to have feather-like structures such as . Stegosaurus remains were first identified during the "Bone Wars" by Othniel Charles Marsh at Dinosaur Ridge National Landmark. Stegosaurus went extinct around 150 million years ago, and never lived while humans were on earth. These may have been some kind of proto-feathers, perhaps brightly colored to attract a mate or intimidate a rival, or . [45] Histological surveys of plate microstructure attributed the vascularization to the need to transport nutrients for rapid plate growth. Scientists believe they reproduced sexually, via mating, and laid eggs. pp. Bakker also observed that Stegosaurus could have maneuvered its rear easily, by keeping its large hind limbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. Also, the pelvic region of the specimens are similar to Kentrosaurus juveniles. The only interactions between Stegosaurus and humans are in movies and television. A. Did T Rexes Have Feather? Past the first few dorsals, the centrum of the bones become more elongate front-to-back, and the transverse processes become more elevated dorsal. stegosaurus introducing dinosaurs english edition below. [100], One of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs,[40] Stegosaurus has been depicted on film, in cartoons and comics and as children's toys. This was uncovered using the spectroscopy of lipoxidation signals, which are byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and correlate with metabolic rates. Confirmed Stegosaurus remains have been found in the Morrison Formation's stratigraphic zones 26, with additional remains possibly referrable to Stegosaurus recovered from stratigraphic zone 1. Feathered Reptiles Ruled Earth's Skies. 3-4.500 lbs. Chure, Daniel J.; Litwin, Ron; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Evanoff, Emmett; and Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). The lower jaw had flat downward and upward extensions that would have completely hidden the teeth when viewed from the side, and these probably supported a turtle-like beak in life. The forelimbs were much shorter than the hind limbs, which gave the back a characteristically arched appearance. It is likely that their life consisted pretty much of slowly searching for food, and defending themselves from predators. The endocast showed the brain was indeed very small, the smallest proportionally of all dinosaur endocasts then known. Feathers are thought to have evolved from. However, this mount was dismantled in 1917 when the old Peabody Museum building was demolished. [24] Landberg excavated the skeleton with the DMNS crews, recovering a 70% complete Stegosaurus skeleton along with turtles, crocodiles, and isolated dinosaur fossils at the quarry that would be nicknamed "The Kessler Site". This mount was created under the direction of Charles Gilmore at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Were the feathers part of a complex mating ritual, or a stepping stone in the evolution of flight? In 1910, Richard Swann Lull wrote that the alternating pattern seen in S. stenops was probably due to shifting of the skeleton after death. It had a small antorbital fenestra, the hole between the nose and eye common to most archosaurs, including modern birds, though lost in extant crocodylians. And just how closely related T. rex to a chicken Award-winning journalist John Pickrell reveals how dinosaurs developed flight and became the birds in our backyards. Kessler contacted the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, who sent paleontologist Robert Landberg. [26] It is a young adult of undetermined sex, 5.8m (19ft) long and 2.9m (9.5ft) tall. So why does Stegosaurus have these plates? Updates? [25], The most recognizable features of Stegosaurus are its dermal plates, which consisted of between 17 and 22 separate plates and flat spines. It is also present in birds. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'animals_net-box-4','ezslot_5',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-box-4-0');We know they lived in areas that were semiarid, with a wet season and a dry season. Paleontologists initially suggested that this space could be for a second brain. . (eds.). When it lived: Late Jurassic, 155-145 million years ago. In their case, it contains what is called the glycogen body, a structure whose function is not definitely known, but which is postulated to facilitate the supply of glycogen to the animal's nervous system. Ears are made of cartilage and skin, and these are soft tissues which typically do not preserve well in the fossil record. The concept of genetic engineering, which is at the heart of Jurassic Park 's dinosaur creation, is a real scientific principle that has been used in a variety of fields. Maidment, S. C. (2010). Which of the following features did Archaeopteryx not have? Well preserved integumentary impressions of the plates of Hesperosaurus show a smooth surface with long and parallel, shallow grooves. Because the plates contained many blood vessels, the alternating placement appears consistent with a hypothesis of thermoregulation. Xing, L., Lockley, M. G., PERSONS IV, W. S., Klein, H., Romilio, A., Wang, D., & Wang, M. (2021). (2006). Soon after describing Stegosaurus, Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord, which could have accommodated a structure up to 20 times larger than the famously small brain. Stegosaurus, one of the many dinosaurs described in the Bone Wars, was first collected by Arthur Lakes and consisted of several caudal vertebrae, a dermal plate, and several additional postcranial elements that were collected north of Morrison, Colorado at Lakes YPM Quarry 5. The first known skeletons were fragmentary and the bones were scattered, and it would be many years before the true appearance of these animals, including their posture and plate arrangement, became well understood. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the bone at the front of the lower jaw in an Ornithischian Dinosaur called? [45], Like the spikes and shields of ankylosaurs, the bony plates and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of basal thyreophorans. Stegosaurus is one of the most recognisable dinosaurs, for one main reason: the big, triangle-shaped plates lining its neck, back and tail. 03 of 10 The Name Coelophysis Means "Hollow Form" Nobu Tamura . Now!" Jason shouted, and our Dinozords appeared. 327-329. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part IX. But T. rex didn't live until about 80 million years ago, up until about 65 million years ago in the great extinction event. He delves into the latest discoveries in China, the US, [7] The skeleton was shipped to Marsh in 1887, who named it Stegosaurus stenops ( "narrow-faced roof lizard") that year. [49], Stegosaurus frequently is discovered in its own clade in Stegosauridae called Stegosauridae, usually including the taxa Wuerhosaurus and Loricatosaurus,[50] though Hesperosaurus is sometimes found in the group. "Body mass estimates of an exceptionally complete Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Comparing volumetric and linear bivariate mass estimation methods", "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs", "A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs", "A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)", "Evidence for a Sauropod-Like Metacarpal Configuration in Stegosaurian Dinosaurs", "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America", "A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs", "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part III", "CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of, "The socio-sexual behaviour of extant archosaurs: Implications for understanding dinosaur behaviour", "Internal vascularity of the dermal plates of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora)", 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0291:teafot]2.0.co;2, "The 'species recognition hypothesis' does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs", "Lies, damned lies, and Clash of the Dinosaurs", "Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stegosaurus&oldid=1142738597, By 1891, Marsh published a more familiar view of, The plates were paired in a double row along the back, such as in Knight's 1901 reconstruction and the 1933 film, Two rows of alternating plates. [101] Artist Charles R. Knight published his first illustration of Stegosaurus ungulatus based on Marsh's skeletal reconstruction in a November 1897 issue of The Century Magazine. While a human's. See full answer below. They do estimate that they fed on a number of different plant types, including ferns, moss, fruits, cycads, conifers, and horsetails. We know that this dinosaur was herbivorous based upon its teeth. [2][56] In 2015, Maidment et al. [75] Mobility of the plates, however, has been disputed by other paleontologists. The stegosaurs of the Sauriermuseum Aathal. Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships. Stegosaurus had a relatively low brain-to-body mass ratio. [40], This space, however, is more likely to have served other purposes. This interpretation is supported by the absence of front teeth and their likely replacement by a horny beak or rhamphotheca. rex had feathers as well, Norell said. This hypothesis proposes that the plates acted as radiators, releasing body heat to a cooler ambient environment; conversely, the plates could also have collected heat by being faced toward the sun like living solar panels. Did not have to worry about predation based on their size as long as they were adults and healthy. Feathers evolved before flight and may have functioned as . 1 Pterosaurs were winged reptiles. C. 2. Dinosaurs are land-dwelling animals. And both of them bear battle . Did the Stegosaurus have teeth? [44] The fore limbs were much shorter than the stocky hind limbs, which resulted in an unusual posture. [21][8] These remains haven't been described and were mounted in 1932, the mount being a composite primarily of specimens AMNH 650 & 470 from Bone Cabin Quarry. [42], In Stegosaurus stenops there are 27 bones in the vertebral column anterior to the sacrum, a varying number of vertebrae in the sacrum, with four in most subadults, and around 46 caudal (tail) vertebrae. Did stegosaurus have feathers? [75] Christiansen and Tschopp (2010), having studied a well-preserved specimen of Hesperosaurus with skin impressions, concluded that the plates were covered in a keratin sheath which would have strengthened the plate as a whole and provided it with sharp cutting edges. . Unlike the sturdy jaws and grinding teeth common to its fellow ornithischians, Stegosaurus (and all stegosaurians) had small, peg-shaped teeth that have been observed with horizontal wear facets associated with tooth-food contact[92] and their unusual jaws were probably capable of only orthal (up-down) movements. [93], The stegosaurians were widely distributed geographically in the late Jurassic. There is a small bump on the back of the blade, that would have served as the base of the triceps muscle. S. stenops reached 6.5m (21.3ft) in length and 3.5 metric tons (3.9 short tons) in body mass, while S. ungulatus reached 7m (23.0ft) in length and 3.8 metric tons (4.2 short tons) in body mass. Stegosaurus, or Triceratops, are still alive. [41] Actual brain anatomy in Stegosaurus is poorly known, but the brain itself was small even for a dinosaur. As the recently-described Yutyrannus shows, even 30-foot-long tyrannosaurs were fluffy. Robert Bakker noted the tail was likely to have been much more flexible than that of other dinosaurs, as it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the tail as a weapon. Stegosaurus could have easily bitten through smaller green branches, but would have had difficulty with anything over 12mm in diameter. Vegetation varied from river-lining forests of conifers, tree ferns, and ferns (gallery forests), to fern savannas with occasional trees such as the Araucaria-like conifer Brachyphyllum. Because they had very small brains, reliance on environmental enrichment would be much less pressing than in hyper-intelligent species like elephants. The blade is relatively straight, although it curves towards the back. [9][7] Marshall P. Felch collected the skeleton throughout 1885 and 1886 from Morrison Formation strata at his quarry in Garden Park, a town near Caon City, Colorado. Colorful and scientifically accurate illustrations paired with intriguing facts will be sure to captivate your kids in grades 4-8. [71][40] Tracks discovered by Matthew Mossbrucker (Morrison Natural History Museum, Colorado) suggest that Stegosaurus lived and traveled in multiple-age herds. Scales that grew larger and began to diverge. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Two pairs of pointed bony spikes were present on the end of the tail. Scientists have known for years that many dinosaurs had feathers. While the film franchise certainly did popularise the era, there is a whole lot more to this epoch than carnivorous dinosaurs. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36. They are powerful animals, and would need strongly reinforced fencing for their enclosures. [97], The Morrison Formation is interpreted as a semiarid environment with distinct wet and dry seasons, and flat floodplains. [54], Susannah Maidment and colleagues in 2008 proposed extensive alterations to the taxonomy of Stegosaurus. Stegosaurus and its relatives are closely related to the ankylosaurs, with which they share not only dermal armour but several other features, including a simple curved row of small teeth. apatosaurus c. tyrannosaurus b. plateosaurus d. stegosaurus. 3. Its head was held low and its stiff tail was poised high in the air. Ornithischians were plant-eaters and include famous dinosaurs such as Triceratops, Iguanodon and Stegosaurus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He contends that they had insufficient width for them to stand erect easily in such a manner as to be useful in display without continuous muscular effort. 2. [5] The majority of the fossils came from Quarry 13, including the type specimen of Stegosaurus ungulatus (YPM 1853), which was collected by Lakes and William Harlow Reed the same year and named by Marsh. The function of this array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation among scientists. Sophie was first discovered by Bob Simon in 2003 at the Red Canyon Quarry near Shell, Wyoming and was excavated by crews from the Swiss Sauriermuseum in 2004.

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