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When parents at the Bay Area club heard Zador had been an Olympian, they asked him to teach their children to swim. Szzad, Hall a szerelmrt; Mikls Fejr, interview with the author and Pter Galambos, 4 June 2015, Budapest, Hungary. . 1951, P. 1011, 3.1.9. His runners -- Sandor Iharos, Istvan Rozsavogli and fellow defector Laszlo Tabori -- had been the Kenyans of their time, breaking 22 world records between 1954 and the Melbourne Games. Now, shell face Jamaicas 100-me Olympic magic cut through the pandemic gloom, but the Tokyo Games legacy i Remembering all of the firsts at the Tokyo Olympics. Arpad and Katherine met their new country halfway. 78 Tks, Rudolf, Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 19571990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 14Google Scholar. After winning national breaststroke titles in 1958 and '59, she enrolled at Seattle University, studied chemical engineering and then joined Boeing, where she created gold paint that wouldn't flake off the tails of Continental's planes. Why isnt everyone who ignored his crimes? Hungary has won more Olympic medals than any other nation that has never hosted Games. An estimated 55 of the 110 Hungarian athletes and coaches defected at the end of the 1956 Olympics, and 35 sought asylum in the United States. Later that week, the Cuban team took the field with only 10 players, ESPN reported. His decision to defect was one of the easiest, as both of his parents had died, his father at Auschwitz. vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelenkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia, ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, The Communist Rule in Polish Sport History, Romania at the Olympics: Women Gymnasts as Ambassadors in Sportswear, 1950s1970s, The People's Game: Football, State and Society, Des sordides actes de spculation: traces de circulations conomiques dans les dlgations sportives sovitiques (19671982), Sport Under Communism: Behind the East German Miracle, Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe, The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War, The Emergence of Europe-Wide Collaboration and Cooperation: Soviet Sports Interactions in Europe. Czechoslovakia had recently become a satellite of the Soviet Union, and Provaznikova knew her country wouldnt be the same. Peterdi, Gyarmati sors, 160. Throughout he has championed Igloi's twin rules: Do what Coach says; and Coach says to do interval training. "Only later do you find out whether your decision was bad or good," says Siak, 79, who is widowed and lives in Orlando. 76 B. Nagy, Kdas Gza, a gyorsszbl lett pldakp, 6 July 2012, available at http://m.heol.hu/heves/sport/kadas-geza-a-gyorsuszobol-lett-peldakep-450770, (last visited 20 Dec. 2016). Tsimanouskaya says Belarusian Olympic authorities tried to force her to fly back to Belarus after she criticized the countrys Olympic officials. 48 XXI. Two Hungarian athletesa canoeist and a marksmandefected in 1964 and later found sanctuary in the United States. ", Arpad Domyan, Water Polo; Katalin (Katherine) Szoke Domyan, Swimming. An . But I was so empty not competing. 32 L. Kutassi: A magyar szakszervezeti sportmozgalom a felszabaduls utn 19451963 (Budapest: SZOT), 222; cited in Szikora, Sport in the Olympic, 21. 21 On the American side of the defections, see Toby Rider, Cold War. 73 In the absence of concrete evidence, retribution seemed limited to requisitioning the apartments of the defectors, although family members could even remove the personal effects beforehand. The resulting mission, Operation Griffin, enabled one-third of the Hungarian Olympic team and four Romanian Olympic athletes to defect to the United States directly after the Melbourne Olympic Games. 104 Gyarmati faced difficulty finding a team that would accept him, probably due to the stigma around his punishment. Luiz Muzzi, then-general manager of United Soccer League club Miami FC, told the Herald that he watched the Cuba-U.S. match on TV while kind of scouting because anytime a Cuban team comes to the United States, theres a chance someone might defect, he said. Without a passport, he was detained by Austrian guards at the border for trying to use his Olympic I.D. At the 1987 World Veterans Games in Melbourne, Hansen made a point of entering the same two events Tabori had run, in the same city, more than 30 years earlier -- and after winning gold medals in each, she gave the 1,500 medal to her coach. List of defections [ edit] Defections after 1991 [ edit] See also [ edit] Published online by Cambridge University Press: Two Hungarian athletesa canoeist and a marksmandefected in 1964 and later found sanctuary in the United States. 12 Vonnard, Philippe, Sbetti, Nicola, Quin, Grgory eds., Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe (Berlin/Boston: de Gruter Oldenbourg, 2018), 5Google Scholar; Edelman, Robert and Young, Christopher, eds., The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 20 Gyrgy Pteri provides an excellent analysis of how Hungary's concerns about its external legitimacy impacted the state's participation in a 1958 international exposition, and the handling of a writer who had contacts with Imre Nagy but was tasked with creating a Hungarian pavilion at the 1958 show. Poland has given the athlete a humanitarian visa, and she will fly to Warsaw on Wednesday to seek asylum, according to Alexander Opeikin, executive director of the Belarusian Sports Solidarity Foundation, a group that opposes the Belarusian government. for this article. By the time he retired he had risen to chief of research and the firm employed 11,000 people. Using a scholarship reserved for Hungarian refugees, she enrolled at Colorado, studying dance and phys ed and competing in and coaching gymnastics. Hungarian Olympic Committee chairman Pal Schmit said Hungary is willing to help Comaneci. "Mine's bigger," she says. 108 A rmai olimpia tapasztalatainak mlyrehat elemzse s felhasznlsa jabb elrelendtje less egsz sportletnk fejldsnek, NpSport, 23 Sept. 1960, 1. Of Cameroons 37 competing athletes, seven went missing, some in the middle of the night from the Olympic Village a womens soccer team goalkeeper, a swimmer and five boxers. team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. by Duffy, Eve (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999)Google Scholar; Fulbrook, Mary, The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven, NH: Yale University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Dennis and Grix, Sport Under Communism; McDougall, People's State. Tomoff, Kiril, Most Respected Comrade. As the iron curtain descended on his home in Budapest, Hungary, Andrs Tr turned to one of the few opportunities permitted by the communist government the sport of canoeing. According to DW, an estimated 90 Cuban baseball players have defected to the United States to play for Major League Baseball clubs. He died in April 2011 in Budapest at age 87. He decided to defect in part because he had lost a Supreme Court judgeship for making anti-Soviet rulings. "You need to work hard in life. Selected to represent Hungary in the 1960 and 1964 Olympic Games, he made a life-changing decision. And when the International Swimming Hall of Fame inducted Katherine in 1985, Arpad threw a huge party for her at L'Orangerie, with Zsa Zsa Gabor, Art Linkletter and Anna Maria Alberghetti among the guests. The Czechoslovak Embassy said the Communist-led government in Prague had approved her decision to remain abroad, according to a New York Times article at the time. Although there are numerous factors that can influence the development of successful athletes, some of the important possible factors that relate to the parents' socio-economic and cultural background include the athletes' preconditions (coaching resources, training, facilities and finances) and their ability to acquire the necessary psycho-social competencies (sport knowledge and connections). Jack Kelly, brother of Grace Kelly, helped arrange a coaching position for Torok in Philadelphia, but within months he returned to Hungary to tend to his sick mother.He has since died. Keresztes, do you want to pay cash this time, or just leave your watch here as you used to? 59 Nick (Mikls) Martin, interview with the author and Toby Rider, 6 Nov. 2017, Pasadena, CA. In Florida it's summer all year long. "PCC has a gorgeous pool," he says, "and I have the key. He worked as a lifeguard in Virginia, then as a masseur in the Bay Area. 1 if you're the only player? What made the Kdr Era? He eventually had to revoke his defection, and he left brokenhearted. "Without the Revolution, I wouldn't be here," Schmid-Shapiro says. He wound up developing office buildings and more than 25,000 dwelling units all over the country, including the early wave of singles-only apartment complexes. Young, single and one of the best divers in the world, Gerlach was only too happy to swan into Port-a-Pit foam padding for money. Phone +36 1 386 8000. So, with an art history master's degree from the University of Budapest, he enrolled at USC but played only one semester of water polo because he found the sport there "too Mickey Mouse." Here is what became of the Hungarian athletes and coaches who defected after the 1956 Melbourne Games. 31 Ember, Mria, magyar, A kis focialista forradalom, Es 4, 1 (2001), 405Google Scholar. 25 Moreover, as the interviewer co-creating the oral histories and the scholar analysing the materials, I cannot ignore the fact that my background and lenses influenced this analysis on several levels. Vonnard, Philippe, Sbetti, Nicola and Quin, Grgory, Divided but not disconnected: Studying a New Paradigm for the History of Sport during the Cold War, in Vonnard, Philippe, Sbetti, Nicola, Quin, Grgory, eds., Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe (Berlin/Boston: de Gruter Oldenbourg, 2018), 5Google Scholar. 2019, Cupertino, CA. 96 Gyarmati's Story, Sports Illustrated. Some of the soccer players who defected in 2008 under a U.S. policy that allowed Cubans to obtain asylum upon reaching American soil went on to play for other teams. Defection in the Olympics during the Cold War was almost an unrecognized medal event, Keys said. XXI. Marie Provaznikova coached the Czechoslovak womens gymnastics team to victory in the 1948 London Olympics. Szzad, Hall a szerelmrt. 1124. However, there is little information on who they were, where they were from, and where they went. Shortly before the London Olympics, Provaznikova led 28,000 female gymnasts in a demonstration in Prague in support of former president Edvard Benes. Gyrgy Pteri demonstrates how similar aims motivated Hungarian state organs and cultural figures in the creation of the nation's pavilion at the 1958 Expo in Brussels. They left tonight by air for their new homeland. Belarusian Olympic sprinter who sought protection in Japan granted Polish visa. A day before the Olympic flight, seven wrestlers also left for Pakistan. Having a background in mechanical engineering, he then spent six years as a wheelchair designer in Southern California before returning to track as a coach. 82 Sllfors met with Hegyi several times in JuneJuly 1957, but there is no indication that they discussed Kdas. But on the whole, life was good: a leap out of a hot-air balloon above Schaefer Stadium at halftime of a Monday Night Football telecast in 1972; a gig opening for Evel Knievel in the mid-'70s; his name on a marquee on the Vegas strip: jumpin' joe's sponge plunge. At the end of the games, about three dozen members of the Hungarian delegation - perhaps more - did not return to Hungary. 55 Their goal was to find them homes in the United States, utilise their expertise to improve US sport and benefit from the Cold War propaganda. Belarusian Olympic sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya has sought refuge at the Polish Embassy in Tokyo becoming the latest Olympic athlete to refuse to return to her country out of fear for her personal safety. This article examines three case studies between 1951 and 1960 to illustrate how the 1956 Revolution and mass defection of Hungarian Olympic athletes following the Melbourne Games impacted the relations between Hungarian sport leaders and athletes. Teams from Hungary have been in most Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. In 1976, four Romanians and one Russian sought refuge in Canada. Five days after Takach's arrival in the U.S., Magda trudged over cornfields at night into Austria; eventually she joined him in Los Angeles. Zimsen, who is 72 and lives with her husband in Bremerton, Wash., proudly points to a Seattle Post-Intelligencer front page from late 1959, where a picture of her happens to run adjacent to one of Soviet premier Nikita Kruschchev. He retired to Miami, where he died in 2004 at 85. See also the special issue, International Sports Organizations, Sport in History, 37 (2017.). Tr defected from Hungary during the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The defectors were directed to the police station in Szeged to make a formal request for asylum. ", Her first husband, sportswriter Miklos Molnar, escaped to join his wife on the SI tour, and in 1958 the magazine ran a photo of their baby girl, Aniko. Peterdi, Pl, Gyarmati sors, avagy egy bal kz trtnete, (Lakitelek: Antolgia Kiad: 2007), 118Google Scholar. Rvsz, Sndor, Aczl s korunk (Budapest: Sk Kiad, 1997), 1467Google Scholar; Oikari, Raiki, Discursive Use of Power in Hungarian Cultural Policy during the Kdr Era, Halmesvirta, Anssi ed., Hungarologische Betrge: Kdr's Hungary-Kekkonen's Finland, 12 (Jyvskyl, Finland: University of Jyvskyl, 2002), 13358, 14950Google Scholar. Paperback - March 3, 2020. She met her husband, Bernd Wachter, an international marketing executive for an oil company, in New York City while studying art history there. 86 For some examples of scholarly work on organisations outside of the IOC that struggled to adjust to Cold War politics and maintain institutional legitimacy, see Cervin, Georgia, Nicolas, Claire, Dufraisse, Sylvain, Bohuon, Anas and Quin, Grgory, Gymnastics Centre of Gravity: The Fdration Internationale de Gymnastique, Its Governance and the Cold War, 19561976, Sport in History, 37, 3 (2017), 30931CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Philippe Vonnard and Kevin Marston, Building Bridges Between Separated Europeans: The Roel of UEFA's competitions in East-West Exchanges (19551964), in Vonnard, Sbetti, and Quin, eds., Beyond Boycotts, 84108. They had both tasted glory -- she as a sprint freestyler at two Olympics; he as a reserve on the water polo team in Melbourne -- but there wasn't much glitter to their first jobs in the U.S., where she worked in a bank in Beverly Hills and modeled on the side, and he served a Los Angeles architect as a draftsman. K, Lszl Tbori, 93. Are you on Telegram? team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. Gyrgy Pteri, Transsystemic Fantasies. 94 Szkely, va, Srni csak a gyztesnek szabad! 34 Attila Csszri, interview with the author, Budapest, 20 May 2015. The Russian defector, Sergei Nemtsanov, was a 17-year-old diver when he disappeared from the Olympic Village during the Games. On how I conducted and examine these and other sources, see Mellis, Negotiation Through Sport, 5267. For the diver, it seemed politics were not the primary factor at play: He reportedly defected out of love for the daughter of an American millionaire he had met at a diving meet in Florida the previous year. Five more players defected during the games, some fleeing to America, others to West Germany. "useRatesEcommerce": false For some athletes, the Olympics arent just a competition: theyre a chance to escape oppression. 80 Kdas Gza sporttrsnak, 31 May 1957, folder 1957 Uszs, 105 box, XIX-I-14-a, Magyar Nemzeti Levltr Orszgos Levltr, Budapest (hereafter MNL OL). "For years, before I'd engage in any political talk, I'd look around to see if anyone was listening," says Hernek, whose parents had spent time in custody of the AVO, Hungary's secret police. One of the largest numbers of asylum seekers at an Olympics were the Hungarians who defected during the 1956 Games in Melbourne. But life is also luck.". . V-71031, llambiztonsgi Szolglatok Trtneti Levltra, Budapest (BTL). 24 For a more thorough explanation, see Johanna Mellis, Negotiation Through Sport: Navigating Everyday Life in Socialist Hungary, 19481989, PhD disst. Two Books on Hungary's Recent Past, The Hungarian Historical Review, trans. Many of them went to the United States; some of them eventually went. fdhgy. I just couldn't see myself going back, especially with the Russians really ticked off. He returned after learning he'd be spared reprisals, and he became a decorated professor of phys ed and sports science. "It would be hard to be any more successful, except for the way success is measured, with money," says Gerlach, who says he doesn't mind that the Carveboard is being knocked off: "What's the value of being No. He competed in two more Olympics, winning another gold in Tokyo, then served as coach as Hungary won Olympic gold in 1976 and three world titles. The Olympics provide a very attractive opportunity for people to escape difficult situations at home, most often political repression, said Barbara Keys, a historian at Durham University. Members of the Football team that was withdrawn from competition before the Games defected to Australia and settled. Tnyek s Tank (Budapest: Magvet Kiad, 1982), 76Google Scholar. Fewer and fewer cities want to host the Olympics. 52 Blutstein, Harry, Cold War Games: Spies, Subterfuge and Secret Operations at the 1956 Olympic Games (Melbourne: Echo Publishing, 2017), 556Google Scholar. The Molnars soon split, and Andrea studied phys ed and teacher education before going on to help develop the nascent fields of sports psychology and rhythmic gymnastics in the U.S. She has been back to four Olympics as a gymnastics judge, and until 1979 she coached the sport at San Francisco State, where she also served as professor of kinesiology. 1958; cited from Peterdi, Gyarmati sors, 176. (Video: The Washington Post). Fax +36 1 386 9670. In the U.S., Iogloi continued his magic, turning Jim Beatty into the first miler to run under four minutes indoors. He represented Hungary in the Rome and Tokyo Olympics, then ran a sports shop in Budapest. Earlier that year, the Communist Party had taken control of Czechoslovakia with Soviet support. It pains them to be here and see people beat them who they can beat if they are well taken care of.. Everything that is happening now absolutely wasnt in my plans, she said. She became the first person to defect at the Olympics, at least in the modern era, and a tradition was born. 19 The 3-T phrase comes from the Hungarian words for support, toleration and prohibition. The coach announced on Aug. 18, 1948, that she intended to seek asylum in the United States. The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Aquatics 19082008: 100 Years of Excellent in Sport, Holistic Approach to Athletic Talent Development Environments: A Successful Sailing Milieu, http://rtl.hu/rtlklub/hirek/XXI_szazad/videok/314174, http://nol.hu/kultura/a-tarsait-szitava-lottek-a-magyar-uszotehetseg-tulelte-az-ugato-halalt-1628457, http://index.hu/sport/2006/08/19/060816bg/, http://m.heol.hu/heves/sport/kadas-geza-a-gyorsuszobol-lett-peldakep-450770. That's what he has done ever since, including today, at 80, at USC. One night, as her team was celebrating at a reception, Gaehler slipped out of her living quarters and fled for West Germany. But many remained in their adopted country. Of course, were nervous because were young, have no family here, and we dont yet know the way of life here, but we hope the Cuban and American communities will help us get started.. 62 Fdration Internationale de Football Association to National Associations, Information to the National Associations Affiliated to FIFA Transfer of Hungarian refugee footballers, 17 July 1957, Fdration Internationale de Football Association Archives (FA), Zurich. Reduced to serving as the rec director of an orphanage on Long Island, he was afraid to return to Hungary because of things he had been quoted as saying. (2003), Magyarorszg a Jelenkorban (Budapest: 1956 Institute), 917, 12Google Scholar. They anglicized their Hungarian surname Domjan to Domyan. While sport leaders recognised the need to soften their policies towards athletes, athletes learned that socialist Hungary, and not the capitalist . "Women are stronger than men, just not as explosive," he says, citing the rigors of a nine-month pregnancy. 15 See Neuberger, Mary, Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Bren, Paulina and Neuberger, Mary eds., Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Victor Petrov, A Cyber-Socialism at Home and Abroad: Bulgarian Modernisation, Computers, and the World, 19671989, PhD diss., Columbia University, 2017; Pteri, Gyrgy, Nylon Curtain Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russian and East-Central Europe, Slavonica, 10, 2 (2004), 11323CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 64 On the experiences and legacies of two sporting defectors, see Mellis, Cold War Politics. A sabreman who won a gold medal in Melbourne in the team event, Hamori continued to fence, winning two individual U.S. sabre titles and, in 1964, a berth on the U.S. team in Tokyo. He worked for the Vasas sports club and ran a Budapest bar popular with athletes until his death in 2006 at 82. A month before the games, seven members of the basketball team fled to Pakistan. 1968 was the first time summer athletes had to take sex verification tests. The controversial tests stirred up some noise, helping Cuban tennis player Juan Campos quietly defect to Mexico amid the ruckus. 14 Standeisky, va, Az rk s hatalom (Budapest: 1956 Institute, 1996)Google Scholar; Kalmr, Melinda, Ennival s hozomny: a kora kdrizmus ideolgija (Budapest: Magvet Knyvkiad s Kereskedelmi, 1998)Google Scholar; Rainer, Jnos, Bevezets a Kdrizmusba: Magyarorszg a Szovjetuni rnykban, 19441989 (Budapest: 1956 Institute, 2011)Google Scholar; Pittaway, Mark, The Workers State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Communist Hungary, 19441958 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Mark, James and Apor, Pter, Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary, 19561989, Journal of Modern History, 87(2015), 85291CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horvth, Sndor, Stalinism Reloaded: Everyday Life in Stalin-City, Hungary, trans. "And because George had gotten out, that really pushed us to try to stay in the U.S. } This drastically decreased the chances of their athletes defecting from Hungary. Two Books on Hungary's Recent Past, Them and Us: Narratives of Agents from the Kadar Era, Discursive Use of Power in Hungarian Cultural Policy during the Kdr Era, Cold War Politics and the California Running Scene: The Experiences of Mihly Igli and Lszl Tbori in the Golden State, You'll probably tell me that your grandmother was an Indian Princess: Identity, Community, and Politics in the Oral History of the Union of British Columbian Indian Chiefs, 19691980, Soviet Baby Boomers: An Oral History of Russia's Cold War Generation, Secrets and Truths: Ethnography in the Archive of Romania's Secret Police Force, Life of an Agent: Re-energizing Stalinism and Learning the Language of Collaboration after 1956 in Hungary, External Politics-Internal Rivalries: Social Science Scholarship and Political Change in Communist Hungary, Introduction: Interpretations of Stalinism, The Extraordinary Career of Feketevg r: Wood Theft, pig Killing, and Entrepreneurship in Communist Hungary, 19481956, Czibor, Bozsik, Pusks: Futball s trsadalmi legitimci az tvenes vekben, Most Respected Comrade. In the modern history of the games, the early cases. Has data issue: true View all Google Scholar citations Did you know.as of 2016, Hungary ranks 8th in the world in medals at the Summer Olympic Games despite its being torn apart after WWI and losing half her population and 2/3 of her territory. The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta Books, 1999)Google Scholar; Rider, Cold War Games, 1123. The 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, were held just weeks after Soviet tanks and troops crushed an uprising in Hungary. 70 The International Fencing Federation did not allow Lidia Dmlky to compete at their championships because she and other athletes were not without a homeland and because on the basis of the Hungarian government's decree, they could go home. 'Olympic defectors' In the Olympics, such disappearances are so frequent that these athletes are often addressed as "Olympic defectors''. V-71031. Pteri, Gyrgy, Transsystemic Fantasies: Counterrevolutionary Hungary at Brussels Expo58, Journal of Contemporary History, 47, 1 (2012), 13760CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The history of Olympic defectors. : Patrons, Clients, Brokers and Unofficial Networks in the Stalinist Music World, Russias Economy of Favors: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange, A kz-kezet mos: A szocialista sszekttetsek a Kdr-korszakban, Palette: I. j- s Jelentkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia, Cold War Games: Spies, Subterfuge and Secret Operations at the 1956 Olympic Games, The End of Amateurism in American Track and Field, Lszl Tbori, A Biography: The Legendary Story of the Great Hungarian Runner, Tracksuit Traitors: Eastern German Top Athletes on the Run, Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 19571990, Gyarmati sors, avagy egy bal kz trtnete, Srni csak a gyztesnek szabad!

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