in what ways are flatworms more complex than cnidariansaverage 20m sprint time 15 year old

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Did these affect your results? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Such a system lets animals grow much larger than possible in the flatworms, which must rely on diffusion. They take their name from their round body cross-sectional shape. The stomach is located in the central disc and has two parts. Earthworms are eyeless, but polychaete annelids have eyes that can distinguish between light and dark. 3.16). What trends did you observe with the different conditions? D. water filtering. Developing a gut . JOIN OUR TEAM OF LIFESAVERS. Do your observed data support the prediction that diffusion time and distance are directly proportional? The cardiac stomach can be inverted and extended into bivalves where it secretes digestive enzymes. Are there any similarities/differences. Sponges are multicellular with no symmetry and no digestive cavity. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. Explain why or why not, and if not considering how long it took peptides to diffuse 15um, did it take more time or less time than expected for peptides to diffuse 30 and 60 um? This is a feeding organ that is often armed with small teeth or jaws on its tip. male and female gametes. How do genes control the development and formation of a body plan? FlexBook Platform, FlexBook, FlexLet and FlexCard are registered trademarks of CK-12 Foundation. Notochord is replaced by vertebral column during development. (F) Yellow papillae flatworm (Thysanozoon nigropapillosum) swimming, Manta Ray Bay, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, Image courtesy of Betty Willis, Wikimedia Commons, Fig. Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are simple animals that are slightly more complex than a cnidarian. Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. With a circulatory system to distribute blood and oxygen and a one-way gut, their bodies are enormously more complex than modern flatworms. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Body plan and skeletal system of Nematoda: Roundworms, bilateral, tube within a tube, hydrostatic skeleton. But cnidarians have no problem with diffusion because most cells of their bag-shaped bodies are in direct contact with the water, making the exchange of oxygen and nutrients easy (Fig. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. If you could add channels to the membrane that make it permeable to peptides and water, what do you think would happen to the peptide and water molecules in the cell? Contain both egg and sperm for reproduction. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 3.36 A) while others are drab and blend into the environment (Fig. The free-moving (not sessile) polychaetes have muscular flaps called parapodia (from the Greek para meaning near and podia meaning feet) on their sides, and the setae on these parapodia dig into the sand for locomotion. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. 3.1 How Cells Are Studied. Find the (real) Fourier series of period 2 for f(x)=coshxf(x)=\cosh xf(x)=coshx and g(x)=x2g(x)=x^2g(x)=x2 in the range 1x1-1 \leq x \leq 11x1. Describe the special features of planarians have to help them survive. A cuticle is a waxy covering secreted by the epidermis, or outermost cellular tissue. Explain the colonial flagellate hypothesis about the origin of animals. Can you name others? Why? A ganglion or cluster of nerve cells operates the organs in each segment. The excretory system of annelid worms consists of a pair of small tubes in each segment. - Marsupials: young born immature and finish development in pouch Flexibility, contractions for propulsion. A recent study shows that 85 percent of cable TV contains violence. 2 eyes, nostrils, and ears. Describe the benefits of having worm-like body, tape worm and a concentration of neural cells are located. As the food moves along, it is broken into molecules and absorbed by the cells lining the tube. The phylum platyhelminthes consists of more than 20,000 species of animals. helping the larva swim out of the adult sponge. Name 3 structures that are shown in this plant cell that you would not expect to find in animal cell. 3.36. The name Nematoda is derived from the Greek word "nemos," which means "thread." Nematodes are present in all habitats and are extremely common, although they are usually not visible (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Animals lack cell walls and move more rapidly and in more complex ways than other organisms. 3.37 C and D). Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical with a defined head and tail region and a centralized nervous system containing a brain and nerve cords. This explains their characteristic thrashing movement, as they can move only by contracting the long muscles on either side of their body and wriggling forward. With their active lifestyle and good defenses, free-moving polychaetes can make their living in a variety of habitats such as mud, sand, sponges, live corals, and algae. Tapeworm has its own set of reproductive organs. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved organelles that form protrusions on the surface of many growth-arrested or differentiated eukaryotic cells. Humans do have a few types of tissue that can regenerate, says Dr. Stephen Badylak, deputy director of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. The body of an annelid is divided into repeating sections called segments with many internal organs repeated in each segment. a particular request can be satisfied without causing deadlock given the current allocation of chopsticks to philosophers. Describe the medusa and polyp body forms of a cnidarian. 3.45. The parapodia, the flaps on the sides of the segments, increase the surface area of the skin for respiration. Flatworms are generally hermaphroditicfunctional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The flesh of crustaceans is rich in NPN compounds (amino acids, especially arginine, trimethylamine oxide), contains ca. 3.48). Under a microscope the flagellar movement looks like a flickering fire, and the structure is called a flame bulb. (a) It was stated that the critical angle for light going from diamond to air is 24.424.4^{\circ}24.4, Verify this. Nervous system of a polychaete worm. What is the most distinguishing characteristic of annelids? Although many different kinds of animals are commonly lumped together as worms, there are several distinct phyla that fit the category. When did the majority of animal body plans appear? These tubes, called nephridia (from the Greek root word nephrus meaning kidney), are open at both ends. The most primitive worms, the flatworms, still show evidence of their ancestry from radially symmetrical organisms. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Unlike flatworms, nematodes are slender, and they are covered by a protective cuticle. What complex body features were developed in annelids that their flatworm-like ancestors didn't have? List two differences between deuterostomes and protostomes. Are flatworms more like cnidarians or annelids? This document may be freely reproduced and distributed for non-profit educational purposes. From Annelida and then the Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata, all have closed circulatory system. Appendages for movement and the ability to breathe both in and out of water, exhibit characteristics of animals that live on land and sea. Nervous system of a planarian flatworm, Like most self-propelling animals, independent-living flatworms have a central nervous system. Blood flows through the microscopic capillaries, picking up food molecules from the digestive tract and oxygen from the skin and transporting them to the cells of the body. Compare the bacteria from your plaque sample to the bacteria other lab groups found in their plaque samples. -mouth on the bottom allows for a more efficient way of capturing prey and feeding. flatworm, also called platyhelminth, any of the phylum Platyhelminthes, a group of soft-bodied, usually much flattened invertebrates. cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. 3.41). 3.42). Half would go to the right and half the water molecules will go to the left side. This Phylum, as mentioned before, has a different and unique kind of digestive system compared to other flatworms. 3.38). c. election The lateral surfaces are found on the left and right sides of the body. What differences do you see between the segmented body plan of an earthworm and a crayfish? These animals become infected by eating metacercariae encysted on grass. 3.45. flatworms have brains and can choose when to eat, can also easily move around, sexual reproduction. 3.16). These features appear in some form in all larger, more complex animals: a coelom, a body cavity between the digestive tube and the external body wall that is lined with tissue. All free-living flatworms are predators that actively hunt for food. When the circular muscles contract, the segment gets longer and narrower. In general, free-living flatworms (the turbellarians) can occur wherever there is moisture. Cnidarians are less complex than annelids or mollusks because the latter have gills with many layers of tissue. What rends did you observe with the different conditions? Most species are marine and very few live in freshwater. 3.44 A). boiling denatures the reaction so it stops reacting and could slowly ripen. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. They can detect the kinds of environment they encounter by moving in the anterior direction. Partly digested food is taken into the pyloric stomach inside the sea star where digestion continues. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Platyhelminthes, platyhelminth, Emeritus Professor of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. The flatworms, like the sponges (Phylum Porifera) and Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) are multicellular. They mastered the art of digging and allows water to pump through the burrow. Image courtesy of Daniel Dietrich, Flickr. Instead, their cells exchange gases by diffusion directly with the environment. Fig. Tubeworms are sessile polychaetes that live in tubes that they build by secreting the tube material. 3.45). What kind of annelid worm lives near hot-water vents in the deep sea? Ex: Flukes We invite you to share your thoughts, ask for help or read what other educators have to say by. Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. Some marine flatworms are brilliantly colored (Fig. - Placental (eutherians): development occurs internally and the fetus is nourished by placenta, Identify primate traits that are adaptive for living in trees, Mobile limbs, grasping hands, flattened face and stereoscopic vision, large complex brain, reduced reproductive rate, Compare the characteristics of australopith with those of an ardipithecine, Ardipithecines lived primarily in trees, whereas the australopiths lived both in and out of trees. A larval stage of the gid parasite of sheep (Multiceps multiceps) usually lodges in the sheep brain. Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the endoderm; flatworms have a middle layer called the mesoderm between the other two layers (Fig. In Europe and the United States the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) is common because of the habit of eating undercooked steaks or other beef products. Ability to wrap itself around prey. 3.43. 3.43. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. 3.36. This means that different groups of Cro-Magnon humans could adapt to different locations, eventually forming the major human ethnic groups, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Elaine N. Marieb, Lori A. Smith, Susan J. Mitchell, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Mader's Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, Public Speaking Chapter 9, Public Speaking Ch. Moving head first. Key Terms. Insects breathe by tracheae and they may have wings. In addition to a more specialized complete digestive system, annelid worms have also evolved body features not found in flatworms or nematodes. They are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are similar) and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems; no body cavity (coelom) is present. Based on your graphed data, which of the below choices do you think would be true? Segmented worms (phylum Annelida) are the most complex animals with worm-like body plans. Image Based Life > Uncategorized > in what ways are flatworms more complex than cnidarians. There are four classes: Trematoda (Flukes), Cestoda (Tapeworms), Monogenea, and Turbellaria. - They all have bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers, and protostome development. The purpose of circulation is to deliver oxygen and remove waste from cells throughout the body specifically the cells furthest from the surface. (B) Medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), Image courtesy of Karl Ragnar Gjertsen, Wikimedia Commons. (B) This animated image (click the image to see the animation) shows the typical crawling locomotion of nematodes. - Alligators and crocodiles live in fresh water, have a thick skin, two pairs of legs, powerful jaws, and a long muscular tail that allows them to capture and eat other animals in or near the water. The cells of the ectoderm and endoderm are also more organized than similar cells of cnidarians. The mycelia grow in such a way that the central part gets exhausted and the peripheral . Compute w u and illustrate the result graphically. Discuss how humans, as chordates, possess all 4 characteristics either as embryos or adults. Individual cells became specialized for reproduction. A. water pressure. 3.38. Two pairs of limbs; smooth, nonscaly skin that stays moist,; lungs; a three-chambered heart with a double-loop circulatory pathway; sense organs adapted for a land environment; ectothermic; and have aquatic reproduction. Which sentence could be added as evidence to support the claim that there is too much violence on TV? In the compressor the R-134a is compressed in an adiabatic process to 150lbf/in2150\ \mathrm{lbf} / \mathrm{in}^2150lbf/in2. Parts of the digestive system can specialize to do different jobs, digesting food in stages (Fig. If we replace canned potatoes with Campbells mushroom soup then the rate of reaction for Campbells will be similar to the canned potatoes. Why was it important to add the potato extract last? Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are simple animals that are slightly more complex than a cnidarian. With no circulatory system, the gut distributes food to all parts of the body. There are six features and systems that reveal an evolving complexity in the body structure of most worms: The phylum Platyhelminthes consists of simple worm-like animals called flatworms (Fig. Fig. 3.16). A pharynx is a long, tubular mouthpart that extends from the body, surrounds the food, and tears it into very fine pieces (Fig. Some tubeworms retract their tentacles when food lands on them. . MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. tentacles to obtain food Are there any flatworms that can regrow a body? With a complete digestive system an animal can eat while its previous meal digests. Fig. In what ways are flatworms more complex than cnidarians? Explain the functions of the water vascular system in sea stars. Cnidarians include jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra, coral, sea fans, sea whips, and sea pens. 3.37. 3.39). Control of certain flukes through the eradication of their mollusk hosts has been attempted but without much success. 3.16). . (A) Oligochaete; a species of Asian earthworm Amynthas sp. Like flatworms, annelids have a mesoderm with muscle, a central nervous system, and an excretory system. As animals become larger and more complex, diffusion is often no longer an option, and then we begin to see the development of circulatory and respiratory systems. They occur in both fresh water and salt water and occasionally in moist terrestrial habitats, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. What advantages does an animal with a coelom have over an animal, such as a flatworm, that has no coelom? (A) A whale shark (Rhincodon typus; a vertebrate animal), Fig. These flatworms feed through a pharynx. Some polychaete worm eyes can even detect shapes. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Connected to the tubes are tiny cells that move wastes and water from the tissues into the tubes. Were any 3 bacterial shapes missing from your plaque sample? The phylum consists of four classes: Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms), Turbellaria (planarians), and Monogenea. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Compare the features of the flatworm, mollusc, and annelid body cavity, digestive tract, and circulatory system. Compare radial and bilateral symmetry, and provide examples of animals that exemplify each. Question 8. Excretory system of a planarian flatworm showing excretory pore, flame bulb, and flagella. Updates? It can taste/sense prey. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. 3.42. List the characteristics that unite the flatworms, molluscs, and annelids. Do your results support what is known about enzymes? Polychaete (from the Greek root words poly meaning many and chaeta meaning bristle) annelid worms are so named because most of their segments have bristles called chatae or setae. - Feathers are modified scales; birds have clawed feet and a tail that contains vertebrae. Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are the most primitive animals with . Many species are ingested as cysts, called metacercariae, in uncooked foode.g., the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani found in crayfish and crabs, the intestinal flukes Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai and the liver fluke Opisthorchis sinensis in fish, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski on plants. for structure and prevent bursting and shrinking. 3.49). By contrast, the free-living or mobile polychaete worms have a proboscis that can extend from their mouths to catch prey. - Roundworms and arthropods are protostomes that molt. Image courtesy of Michael Linnenbach, Wikimedia Commons, Fig. Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening (a sac-like gut). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ) Posted on: February 21, 2023 Join our team! 3.46). What is the colored substance that appeared in cuvette 3? Some flatworm species occupy a very wide range of habitats. Omissions? 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells What reasons are offered to explain the rapid occurrence of body plan evolution known as the Cambrian Explosion? Their soft, flattened bodies are composed of three layersthe ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. (A) Ice cream cone worm, Pectinaria koreni with and without tube (Family Pectinariidae), Fig. Body plan, excretory system of platyhelminthes. Fig. In Europe, Australia, and North and South America, tapeworm infestations of humans have been greatly reduced as a consequence of routine meat inspection. Marine species live buried in the sand or under rocks in shallow water. 3.40 A). Free-living flatworms are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments, such as leaf litter. Infestation occurs only where people live in close association with dogs that have access to infested sheep for food. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Unlike the flatworms in which food and waste enter and exit from the same opening, nematodes have a complete digestive system. Spade-shaped head and two eyespots that do not form images, but can tell the difference between light and dark 9 PREFACE The changes mtroduced in this sixth ~dition are more than usually varied. Flatworms are more complex than cnidarians. It supports our hypothesis according to our test results. [12], [12]\begin{bmatrix}-1\\-2 \end{bmatrix} One species was first discovered living inside felt beer coasters in German alehouses. Why would it be advantageous for a plant cell to have a cell wall? Then they undergo metamorphosis, growing legs and reabsorbing the tail, to become adults. Oral sucker. They give rise to new moving shapes. so you could witness the reaction occur because once added the enzyme speeds up the reaction. These flatworms feed through a pharynx. use an animal cell to see if similar changes occur. non-linear, error measurement could explain use the slope of the line. How are flatworms more advanced than cnidarians? Dd you encounter any errors? Most turbellarians are exclusively free-living forms. D. Many parents do not watch television with their children. In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that correctly defines the italicized word or expression. What happens to the cells when the salt water is flushed out with distilled water? 4Cr(s)+3O2(g)2Cr2O3(s)4 \mathrm{Cr}(s)+3 \mathrm{O}_2(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cr}_2 \mathrm{O}_3(s) poisonous cells in their tentacles to stop the prey from escaping, Discuss an advantage to having radial symmetry, allows the organism to grab food all around it University of Hawaii, . What could explain the linear or non-linear relationship? Worms have bilateral symmetry. What are your results? ; an invertebrate animal in the phylum Annelida), Image courtesy of Uwe Kils, Wikimedia Commons. What are the advantages of stereo senses? With a circulatory system to distribute blood and oxygen and a one-way gut, their bodies are enormously more complex than modern flatworms. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Nematodes are found in almost every habitat on Earth. They are long (as much as 5 meters) that live inside the digestive tract of other animals. [12]. This contrasts with diploblasts such as cnidarians that develop from only two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm. Some characteristics of flatworms are: 1) They are triploblastic, as all three primary germ layers (e.g., ectoderm, endoderm and. 2002 originally published in Emerging Infectious Diseases. Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are simple animals that are slightly more complex than a cnidarian. Phylum . Sponges are aquatic animals with a simple hollow asymmetrical body and categorized under Phylum Porifera. canned potato did not produce as much dopachrome as the regular potato did. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Segments, complete digestive system, paramecium, different set of muscles. Attaches itself to the wall of the intestine with a set of hooks found on the head (scolex). What are the advantages of having a bilaterally symmetrical body? The different phyla of worms display a great range in size, complexity, and body structure. One Why are animals with bilateral symmetry more advanced than animals with radial symmetry? yes our hypothesis was supported because the average area of the plant cell membrane shrank as the concentration increased. - The water vascular system functions in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception. 3.46. Fig. These bristles can penetrate human skin, causing irritation, pain and swelling, similar to the irritation caused by exposure to fiberglass. - See Figure 28.13 on slide 36 for the life cycle of Schistosoma, a blood fluke. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Fig. 1SB expand_more Tubeworms feed by extending tentacles from the tube. MS-LS1-4 Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants respectively. Do your data support or reject your hypothesis? What are the advantages of having a bilaterally symmetrical body? What is happening in Scotland to earthworms? This document may be freely reproduced and distributed for non-profit educational purposes. n=1n22(n22+1)(1)n+1=21(sinh1165). Pharyngeal pouches (the first pair of pouches) develop into auditory tubes. A study of worms can illuminate a possible history of how some organ systems and body features evolved. 3.1 How Cells Are Studied. The animal kingdom is divided into animals without symmetry and tissues, and animals with symmetry and tissues. What substances lacking tube 1 and 2 account for the absence of a color change? 3.50). Cnidarians, on the other hand, have tissues, a higher level of. Some examples for sponges include barrel sponges, boring sponges, basket sponges, bath sponges, etc. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . Parasitic tapeworms usually absorb their nutrients directly from the host, while parasitic flukes have retained a digestive system. Three classes and descriptions of Platyhelminthes. - Usually, amphibians carry out external fertilization in the water. Most people are familiar with earthworms found in garden soil. 3.37 B). In what ways are flatworms more complex than cnidarians? Some use venom to subdue prey, which they eat whole because their jaws are distensible. MS-LS1-5 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. The tubes, attached to rocks or embedded in sand or mud, may be leathery, calcareous, or sand-covered depending on the worm species (Fig. Complete digestive systems are seen in more complex organisms and offer many advantages over the flatworms method of digestion. Diffusion causes molecules to go from a high concentration to a low concentration. Cross-sectional diagram of a polychaete annelid worm showing the tube-within-a-tube construction of a true coleom body cavity, Fig. Fig. - Monotremes: have a cloaca and lay eggs - Ray-finned bony fishes have fan-shaped fins supported thin, bony rays. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Estimate the relative abundance of each type of bacteria. We will focus our discussion of the acoelomates on the largest phylum of the group, the flatworms. The flatworms bilateral body plan has a head with a brain and stereo eyes that enable it to actively hunt. Two tissue layers arose by invagination. As molecules spread through water, they become less concentrated as they move away from their source. Like the cnidarians, flatworms have a digestive system with only a single opening into the digestive cavity, but independently living marine flatworms the . . From Fish to Birds . Identify 2 traits that are unique to mammals. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Write a hypothesis for a second experiment that builds on the results from todays lab. Flatworms have a surprisingly elaborate system to rid the body of wastes (Fig. After the system equilibrates, do the individual molecules follow the same or different patterns of movement than when the system was not at equilibrium? About Flatworms. Describe a simple rule for determining whether These are mostly endoparasites found in animals . It took more time than expected. Corrections? Cnidarians have two layers of cells, the ectoderm and the . The cells of the ectoderm and endoderm are also more organized than similar cells of cnidarians. Typical regions of specialization in a complete digestive system, Fig. snakes, centipedes, caterpillar being a hermaphrodite; having both male and female reproductive organs, Polychaeta: marine, colorful, predatory, parapodium - Humans are chordates that have the 4 chordate characteristics during the embryonic period of their life cycle. - Both echinoderms and chordates follow a deuterostome pattern of development and molecular data indicates they are closely related. sense things from all around them, There are round worms, ribbon worms, etc. It would probably take a lot more than twice as long for peptides to diffuse the length of a 120 um axon than the length of a 60 um axon, As the um increased the time increased significantly more than double the time before. - Crustaceans breathe by gills and have swimmerets. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Ability to multiply. Most species are hermaphrodites, having both female and male reproduction organs. 3.41. They filter coelomic fluid, which contains useful nutrient molecules along with waste molecules. - The first pair of appendages is the chelicerae (modified fangs), and the second pair is the pedipalps (hold, taste, chew food).

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